Literary Nationalism in Indonesia
Literary Nationalism in Indonesia
1. Preliminary
Nationalism is an awareness of membership in a nation together with a desire to Achieve, maintain, and perpetuate the identity, prosperity, and power of the Natio. (A consciousness as a nation that is accompanied by a desire to maintain, preserve and apply the identity, integrity, and tight-guhan nation) (Mustafa Rejai, 1991). This can be interpreted that nationalism is the attitude or behavior that is realized or actualized in the form of action to maintain and preserve the identity and continue to strive to advance the state and nation, by killing every obstacle that blocks the path of progress.
Nationalism is a social invention of the most stunning in the course of human history, at least in the last hundred years. Not a single social space on earth is free from the influence of this ideology. Without nationalism, human history will be different lane altogether. The end of the cold war and the spread of ideas and cultural globalism (internationalism) in the decade of the 1990s until now, especially with the communication and information technology developed by highly accelerating, not necessarily the song brings death to nationalism. The phenomenon of nationalism has existed since man knows the concept of biological kinship. In this perspective, nationalism is seen as a natural concept rooted in the past each community group called ethnie (Anthony Smith, 1986), a social group bound by a collective memory includes cultural attributes, values, myth, and symbolism.
Meaning of Nationalism that we believe significantly, among others, namely:
1) A process of formation, or growth of nations.
2) A sentiment or consciousness of a nation concerned.
3) A language and symbolism of the nation.
4) A social and political movements for the sake of the nation concerned.
5) A doctrine and / or ideology of the nation, whether general or specific.
The first is the formation of nations that are very common. This process encompasses a series of processes, more specialized and often form the object of nationalism in a more narrow sense. The second is the consciousness or national sentiment, it should be carefully distinguished from three other uses. Nationalism movement will not start by protests, declarations or armed resistance, but with the appearance of literary society, historical research, music festivals and cultural journals. Language and symbolism of nationalism deserves more attention. Supplies of national symbols is only meant to express, represent, and strengthen the boundaries of nation, and to unite its members through a similar image on the memories. Nationalist movement, the national symbolism of course can not be divorced from the ideology of nationalism that provided the impetus and direction for the symbols and the movement. The shape of the nation's cultural nationalists is the nation whose members were aware of the unity of their national culture and history. They also devoted themselves to explore their national individuality through education and national institutions.
During recent years, attitudes or actions such as we hardly do, and in the end it they diminish our pride in what we've been adorable, that is nationalism. The waning sense of pride for the nation for several years, in fact fueled by strong sentiment and spirit primordialism post-crisis regionalism. The attitude of disappointment caused by most members and community groups to values such as justice and humanitarian and deliberation that is often only become empty rhetoric. Eradication of corruption against the corruptors, law enforcement, and justice are in fact as a strategic means to evoke the spirit of love within the homeland nation's children is only used as a tool to legitimize a position, and this makes the younger generation to be opinionated and do not hesitate to the nation and his own country.
We also feel that there are emerging trends which show that the spirit of solidarity and togetherness feels increasingly lost since the last few decades. Possibly, the cause of the waning sense of nationalism is also caused by the paradigms of nation and nationalism that we profess, running in place. In fact, national and global development paradigm demands adjusted from time to time, in accordance with the state of a sovereign nation and state. From the birth of consciousness in that nation and state is in essence a normative and political awareness is the foundation of an ideology called nationalism. In a sense, nationalism as an understanding that recognizes the truth of-mind that every nation should unite for the sake of glory-round in a national and state life. Of nationalism is the birth of ideas and businesses struggle to realize the nation state. In Indonesia, the idea and developing strong business like this in the 1930s and peaked in the 1940s.
The issue of nationalism in Indonesia is the reality that the land fertile inspiration for the creation of literary works. Even the identity of literary nationalism was decisive as the birth of Indonesian literary history. This means, nationalism is not only present as a mere source of inspiration, but at present as a marker of the existence of Indonesian-ness of a literary work. Ajip Rosidi asserted, that the national consciousness that is the marker of Indonesian literature. National consciousness is actually a political issue. It also shows that the issue of Indonesian literature can not be separated from political issues. While A. Teeuw said, that a particular feature of the development of literature is partly in line with the nationalist movement that we can see from the use of the language effectively in the nationalist movement. This causes the literature as art, using language media, really have a role politically and culturally enormous.
The ideology of nationalism became an important issue for the Indonesian writers actually come first before keindonesiaan itself formulated. The ideal of a sovereign nation emerged much earlier than the limits of territorial issues. The works of Muhammad Yamin, Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, even Anwar, Amir Hamzah and shows it. This paper wants to show how the problems of nationalism as an ideology will always be a source of interesting ideas for the creation of literary works. During nationalism became the paradigm of open and open the opportunity to always interpreted and assessed, then the writers will always be interesting to lift it in a literary work. So, it would seem the relationship between literary history and national history. How to interpret literary works and his role in the need to build awareness of the idea of nationalism. Whether we can see conditions now compared with the literati literati predecessors who followed the birth of the Indonesian state. How these differences is presented in both the disclosure or the awareness of action. Of course, as a literary way they said about nationalism is different from the historian, statesman, or politician.
2. Literary Nationalism in Indonesia
Indonesian literature is often imagined as invisible hands in the push for regional unification, starting from the villages, tribe, tribes of the archipelago until it becomes a form of state that describes keindonesiaan. Literature is like magic constant encouragement magical for physical revolution. There is a kind of confidence that the pre-revolutionary Indonesia would not be realized if an sich fought through armed confrontation or international diplomacy. Needs to be done over the legitimacy of absolute geography words pretending sloganistik, instigating, providing an intense impression for residents in the archipelago, which will solidify the ideological importance of gathering in the shade of a large house called Indonesia. Poetry or prose (short stories, novels, or plays) the work of the writers we show it.
Literature on the emergence of colonialism can not be born just like that. Literature Indonesia as an integral part of the culture that gave birth to her as being just like that, without due process, without the author's cultural struggle. The assertion is a form of justification to the study of sociology of literature that tries to tie the literary works, authors, and social and cultural circumstances that surrounded. Of course, this study makes it easier to describe how the spirit of nationalism has gripped literature since colonial times and the prakemerdekaan.
Some works are born of colonialism during the 19th century did not speak Indonesian nationalism. Nevertheless, most of the work is already talking lokalistik, a concept of nationalism smaller-just like primordialism. As in the short story from The Content Tjerita Langkara Affairs Jang Poelaoe Soeloeng in Java which tells of the journey of a King of Rum (Rome) to the island of Java, which is considered the king of country quiet as you wish. In a way that the soldiers of King Rum is not easily conquered Java, a very large and populated giants, demons and jinn. It shows that the author (not specified) already has a sense of his love of his homeland, the island of Java. The author seemed to assert that as colonialism, it always get resistance from the native inhabitants. However, because of limited imagination, the author is more to give victory to the King of Rum, so the King of Rum finally able to master Java. The same with the conditions of colonialism Indonesia for three and a half centuries by the Dutch. A condition that describes the superiority of the ruler and the powerlessness of people who inhabit the archipelago (Indonesia at the time). Language which was later named as the new Indonesian was also used at least in poetical literature in Sair Kadatangan Sri Siam Naharaja in Batavia, published in 1870. Poem without the author's name was known to his time Wednesday, April 5, 1870 (no day kutika Rebo / Five April there is the date). As shown in the title, this poem tells a rousing welcome the arrival of the Dutch Government to the King of Siam (Thailand). On either side of the road mounted the Dutch flag and the flag of Thailand. Band Drum Group deployed. Each road segment guarded by Dutch troops to the point that people can not see past the king of the road. Moreover, using the streets as usual. Meriahnya welcome hijinks described the situation in the midst of poverty convolute inlander population. An interesting metaphorical satire expressed in this poem when the people were in vain to be able to watch up close. "Anyone who can not look closely, you should" stand watch from a distance he / cause liver nyang got going / staying up like wood. "(Saifur Rohman, 2002). The establishment of lyric because the colonialist pressure to the Indonesian people. How does the existence of the oppressed will bring resistance from stress. "Once a person nyang small / remote stand here and there / want to watch does not work / mala banned tida called." The author adds another identity by saying: "The small and humiliated nyang / Suda at the thought tida useful / What else do people slam and china / in here in pegat pegat there. "
The works is a mosaic that will be the foundation of an ideology based on a sense of oppression. Nationalism began to emerge in the minds of writers at the time. This is explained by Maman S. Mahayana which shows, that in the late 19th century there have been several literary magazines literary form which contains tales, stories, fairy tales, poems, rhymes and others such as those written in a magazine subtitled Good Companions, 1880 in Batavia. Besides the magazine previously mentioned there is also the Ferris, 1868 and bugle Melajoe, 1860-1910 in Semarang. Then at the beginning of the 20th century appeared more and more literary magazines such as Pewarta Prijaji (Semarang, 1900), Star Ocean (Bandung, 1903), Poetri Indies (Bogor, 1908), Boktok (Jakarta, 1913). We see also, for example, how literary works such as novels pre-Indonesia One Care (Abdoel Moeis), Siti Nurbaya (Mad Rush), road with no end (Mochtar Lubis), Guerilla Family (Pramoedya Ananta Tur), and short- Idrus short story becomes a critical comparison how Indonesia should ideally house building in the future. Had a stretch of discourse about youthful revolt against the traditions of origin is not written in a stretch of literary works, and touched the hearts of readers to become part of common discourse, it is not possible call to unite themselves in the Youth Pledge shalt have an entirely different result.
Foreign experts who analyzed the problem of nationalism is Foulcher Keith (1991). He studied literature New Poet era (1933-1941). Foulcher assessment focused on literary effort in finding the form of the ideal of nationalism in this period are represented in the works New Poet. Ahmad Sahal (1994) discuss nationalism as an attitude of resistance to the more established narrative nationalism (colonial). The review focused on the work of Sahal Pramudya Ananta Tur, the Glass House. Hilmar Farid (1994) has also written literary problem of nationalism in Indonesia. However, Farid studies focus more on the processes of creation of the role of language as one of the binders of Indonesian nationalism. In addition, in the writings of Farid approach is more severe in the history approach. Fa-ruk (1994) was writing about nationalism as a response to the article Foulcher. Not unlike the Foulcher, Faruk reviewing literature data on the New Poet. Some of these writings, not specifically explore issues of identity figures in literature and its relation with the problems of nationality. Still on nationalism, Aprinus Salam showed how a number of figures uta-ma in the novels of Hall Book, in the process, become strangers in their own homes. The main character in Siti Nurbaya, One Care, Samsul Bahri or Hanafi, become comfortable and less suitable in the environment and local customs (of origin). Indeed, the note is at home not feeling it after most of the characters in the story to know or out of the village, and at a later date, see and try to reposition herself in the house and village. Here are three things about the Hanafi cited in the One Care.
"In the Hanafi has no real courage in his own religion, while his own people had been dibelakanginya." (P. 52)
"Hanafi cursed himself, because he was born as a Bumiputra" (P. 53.)
"Is not he at once is to glorify and exalt their nation Bumiputra, but he does not like to give to anyone outside of the nation, make humiliate it by not giving reasons" (p. 57)
"The child was old at the shoreline, she thought she was just easy to change our customs." (P. 71).
The question that immediately came to the surface is, where the Hanafi? The process of what causes a person displaced from his home, from within itself or from outside, or from outside then becomes in itself? One becomes an outsider when he was not accepted by the dominant discourse about the concept of home in a particular place. The processes that lead to a become insiders and outsiders, is a consolidation processes are carried out by certain institutions (classes or interest groups), based on the norms and values of certain, or certain knowledge, or even such as parties or particular institutions, so that a person becomes tersubjeksi by the consolidation process. In such cases, Aprinus Salam show how a process of bargaining, whether he should again be a person in, or remain outside. Haggling is so hard and difficult to reconcile possible. If Hanafi outsiders something, he should certainly people in something else. Meanwhile, it turns out he also does not or has not been accepted into the outsider's inside. This is where the Problem, Hanafi was in all the borders, it becomes something that is ambivalent. He does not or has not entered into one particular side. As an example, cited the following text from the Lady Nurbaya:
"One of these young children, was a boy, aged about 18 years. Her dress shirt jacket white cap and black shorts, ... ... The hat hat white grass, commonly used Dutch nation." (P. 9).
"When viewed from afar, will surely mistaken, this young man a Dutch boy, who wanted to come home from school. But when viewed up close, it is obvious he is not a European nation; because his skin yellow as complexioned skin, hair and eyes black as ink." (p. 9).
"Friends of this young man, was a daughter aged about 15 years. Dress this girl was a Dutch children's clothing." (P. 9).
"According to wake up the body, the color of her skin and jewelry, it is obvious he is the child's country there; children of the rich or high-ranking people." (H.10).
However, if the author departs from the possibility of ideology, it seems that through the work of Siti Abdul Moeis Nurbaya sided with the customs and hometown. Perhaps the reader also "herded" to dislike people like Hanafi. Someone whose views and lifestyles are kebelanda-belandaan, the colonizers. Here Abdul Moeis intends to build attitudes and anti-colonial nationalism. Only, the process of consolidation that the fight is not won on behalf of the nation, but consolidation in the name of religion (Islam). Aprinus Salam also gave examples of how Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana try to see a situation that illustrates the attitude of partiality on the outside as she told at length in full sail. Fate does not seem to leave the name of religion, but rather in the name of rationalism (of course because he was acquainted, and thanks to the construction of "modern education"). Told in the novel, Tuti progressive, rational, emansipatif, effective, something contrary to the properties of Mary. If we compare it with other novels that shackle works Armyn Pane, then we see a rational sail westernized (from the standpoint that rejects) and the shackle becomes more interesting, because, who were the outsiders (foreigners) (Tini?) Or who become insiders (Well?) be clearly demarcated. In many ways Tono have memories and dreams of the possibility of choice to the Well, something that is considered more and or in the name of tradition (-onalisme). However, as Well (traditionalism) also can not be defined clearly enough, so do not be surprised if the end of the story floating.
The characteristics of the discourse which raised the limits, the truth has not been shifted far to the novels of the 1970s. Umar Kayam short story, A thousand fireflies in Manhattan offers an important illustration. At the height of a hotel in big city America, who imagined Marno is a place in his village. The lights are berkelipan in the wilderness of skyscrapers visible from the window, reminding Marno on hundreds of fireflies are like studded night at her grandmother in the village fields. Although Marno been long enough in the U.S. and studying there, Marno will never be an American (born in mind) because of the social-psychological history was raised in the village (Java). Jane and Marno loggerheads about something that is viewed differently because of cultural and psychological backgrounds are different. However, whether Marno still be called Java, or even represent a prototype of Indonesia?
With a different spirit, Nh. Early in On A Ship (1973), describes his characters as people who always longed for the country, prides itself as an Indonesian (Javanese), although in daily practice, Sri, the novel's characters, can not be fully known as the Indonesia Java. It is evident from the way Sri see nations and cultures (Java), and how he lives like a European (French).
Thus, the problem of nationalism in Indonesia is a land of fertile inspiration for the creation of literary works. In fact, the identity of literary nationalism is a hot issue in determining the birth of Indonesian literary history. This means, nationalism is not only present as a mere source of inspiration, but at present as a marker of the existence of Indonesian-ness of a literary work. Therefore, it is no exaggeration when Ajip Rosidi said, that the national consciousness that is the marker of Indonesian literature. National consciousness is actually a political issue. It also shows that the issue of Indonesian literature can not be separated from political issues.
A. Teeuw also argue, that a particular feature of the development of literature is partly in line with the nationalist movement. Because language can be very effective in the nationalist movement, then the literature as an art that uses language media really have a role politically and culturally enormous.
The ideology of nationalism became an important issue for writers and poets Indonesia has actually come first before keindonesiaan itself formulated. The ideal of a sovereign nation emerged much earlier than the limits of territorial issues. Muhammad Yamin in 1921, through his poem:
Language, Nation misses his homeland:
"Where Sumatra, where the nation / where percha, there Andalasku language unfortunately, jana benjana '"
In the poem, Yamin identify ground water was still confined to his homeland only. Building on the imagination of a nation's self-Yamin is still limited to regionalism alone. But eight years after Yamin wrote the poem, a sense of nationalism and identification with the homeland has shifted more widely, no longer limited to Sumatra, but extends throughout the homeland, as he was saying in his poem "Indonesia, Spill My blood".
October 28, 1928 Youth Pledge reinforces persolan literary nationalism in the constellation of Indonesia. Baroe Poedjangga magazine with full awareness that the literature shouting Indonesia has the responsibility and obligation that embody the spirit of sublime new nation of Indonesia. With awareness of the spirit of nationalism, magazine Poedjangga Baroe bersemboyankan "spirit guide to form a dynamic new cultural unity of Indonesia".
Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Indonesia on August 17, 1945, must be admitted, is the realization of Indonesian nationalism. Indonesia as a sovereign nation begins at this point. The issue of nationalism in Indonesia growing literature not only questioned the national identity problem, but shifted to the issue of revolution to maintain independence from colonialism. In this periodization, emerging literary works set in revolutionary war to defend freedom.
Half time Bekasi Guerrilla Family and the work of Pramoedya Ananta Toer not merely recounts the pain-the pain of war, but also describes the excitement of a physical struggle to maintain the independence of Indonesia. In his novel that follows the Reverse Flow (1995), Pramoedya Ananta Toer showing how nationalism is present in every heart of Indonesia at that time. Pramudya drawn character is a figure that conveys an implicit message. Wiranggaleng figures actually invites us to return a coastal character, who is always hungry for salty ocean water, reminds us, that our earth is actually a sea of mainland Java is not alone. Nautical spirit in Wiranggaleng figure, actually not much different from the collective views of penggarangnya, Pramoedya Ananta Toer. After hearing the advice-advice and stories of Rama Cluring, and saw his own valor in a dispel Raden Pati Unus Fight (Portuguese), Wiranggaleng then became aware that the earth or ground water is not only the land of our nation, but also the surrounding ocean. When compared with the vast oceans, the land we are nothing. Wiranggaleng Idayu with her lover, finally choosing to settle on the coast of Tuban and to participate and defend the land of the Portuguese Tuban. Once upon a time, with his troops helping Wiranggaleng Pati Unus troops to seize Malacca from Portuguese hands, but their efforts failed. Even the Portuguese managed to expand its small kingdoms in Java. Portuguese managed to master them, because seeing the kingdoms in Java stuck in a narrow nationalism, more concerned with the army and fought each other's lands. Pati Unus if not replaced his brother Sultan Trenggono, possibly a naval force in maintaining the kingdoms in Java would be more robust. Pati Unus is envisioned that we are united, like the duke of Gajah Mada, because the spirit of nationalism, we can defeat the Portuguese at that time.
Another work is Royan Revolution (work Ramadhan KH), road with no end, There's No Tomorrow (Mochtar Lubis's work), and Return (Toha Mohtar) showed the same breath. While the genre of poetry, Anwar through his poems, such as "I", "Approval by Bung Karno", "openwork Jakarta", "Diponegoro" out loud shouting patriotism. Similarly, the poems of other poets such as Toto Sudarto Bachtiar, Renda, Subagyo Sastrowardoyo describe the same spirit.
3. Cover
According to John Hutchinson (1987), nationalism is more of a cultural phenomenon than a political phenomenon because he is rooted in ethnicity and culture of premodern. Even if nationalism transformed into a political movement, it is superficial because the nationalist political movements in the end based on cultural motivations, especially when there is a crisis of cultural identity. In this perspective, nationalism political movement is a means to regain ethnic pride as the foundations on which to build a country based on cultural similarities. Comprehensive understanding of nationalism as a product of modernity can only be done by also saw what happened to the people at the bottom when the assumptions, expectations, needs and interests of society at large to the ideology of nationalism allows that ideology is pervasive and strongly rooted (Eric Hobsbawm, 1990 ). Nationalism from the memories of community life are always present in the mind of any member nation that became a reference of social identity.
Indeed, the problem of nationalism as an ideology will always be a source of interesting ideas for the creation of literary works. During the paradigm of nationalism into the open, which opens the opportunity to always be interpreted and assessed, then the writers will always be interesting to lift it in a literary work. Of course, as a literary way they said about nationalism is different from the historian, statesman, or politician. And here's how he said they thought would be an interesting comparison, even as a counter-discourse to the currents of thought that relates to the issue of nationalism. Reading Reverse Flow (1995) Pramoedya Ananta Tur's work, for example, means also see the reflection of our own nation. Now Nationalism began to fade and be replaced nationalism-nationalism areas that are only concerned with purely selfish. In the past, our ancestors were great sailors, have a high sense of nationalism to defend our Motherland whole land. They are aware, the ekspansionaris threat from the sea, more dangerous and important, than just a fight for land merebutkan power. With the waning of nationalism, which is mainly caused by the very height of injustice; rampant corruption and violations of human rights (human rights) that are not resolved through legal channels, etc., then the main enemy of the nation's most right now is not the colonizers, not expansive attitude or the attitude of neighboring aggressors, but rather a corrupt bureaucracy, injustice and / or economic and political inequality, poverty, arbitrary power, and so on. Combating corruption is just rhetoric, human rights violations that are not resolved through legal channels to its conclusion, inequities between central and local governments and so must be taken seriously. The sociologist Talcott Parsons in the book Social System states, if a society wants to exist and sustainable, there are four functions paradigm (function paradigm) which should continue to be implemented by the public concerned:
First, pattern maintenance, the ability to maintain the cultural value system is adopted because of cultural deposits of human behavior. Community culture that will change because of the value of the previous transformation to the community then, but while maintaining the values which he considered noble, because without it it will form a new society to another.
Second, the ability of communities to adapt, because the world is changing rapidly. History proves many civilizations that have been lost because people are not able to adapt to a changing world. Communities that are able to adapt to change and exploit opportunities that arise will be superior.
Third, the integration function of the elements of a diverse society continuously forming an increasingly centripetal force that unites people. each nation's people, especially the very heterogeneous as our nation, the nation always has entropy, ie the elements in the country by expanding its internal dynamics desduktrif, destroying his own country. just like the cells that make up our bodies that can turn into cancer that can destroy his own body. development of an extreme and narrow ethnocentrism, and fanaticism primordialism group, the decline of pluralism and tolerance, as well as the decline of society's ability to complete the various frictions are polite forms of entropy is a nation that can scatter this heterogeneous nation.
Fourth, people need to have a common goal or purpose of Attainment from time to time as it continues to be improved by transforming the dynamics of society and its leaders. If the Indonesian nation-state formed by a common historical past, then the future need to be established by common ideals, views, expectations and objectives regarding its future.
Nationalism we now no longer associated with the occupiers, or especially the behavior of expansive or aggressor-state neighbors, but rather must be associated with a desire to combat all forms of corruption, injustice, human rights abuses and others. That is, nationalism today is the attempt to maintain the existence of the state and nation from destruction due to corruption and abuse of power. Behavior corrupt, embezzling state money, take advantage of all facilities within the scope of his authority to enrich themselves, behaving arbitrarily in the running wheels of power, not respecting the dignity of others, likes to receive kickbacks and bribe, kickback, money coffee and so on, are antinasionalisme behavior that must be eradicated. We note for the future is how to cultivate the spirit of nationalism-unpatriotic in the nation's children. Should hearten us to behave in an honest, disciplined, not corrupt and dare to fight all forms of injustice, arbitrariness of power and others, in addition to the spirit and the physical skills like the military to cope with any force that interferes with the sovereignty of Indonesia.
We can see as an example of a novel in which the conditions of life rather than in the period of colonialism, among other works of Ito Ice. As in the Secret State Fifth Meede and linking the historical facts of interest about this nation. Also picture of the reality of metropolitan life that has been poisoned by the West to forget the wisdom and greatness of his own people good enough to make satire and makes this book represents a sense of nationalist thinking, especially for the young people who have been poisoned by unknowingly-Western thoughts. The use of a complex historical background and put it in this story are the main attraction. Although sometimes the facts of history are linked into a conspiracy theory that impressed fetched into something that seems reasonable. The use of background history as a shaper of mystery similar to the story in the Da Vinci Code and National Treasure is to solve a mystery, must explore the history of the nation itself (which is often considered not important). Story on the first novel tells about the Secret Medee serial murders are connected with the radical movement Anarchy archipelago and Treasure hunt VOCs. Being in the second book, entitled The Fifth State to tell about the serial murders related to the theory of the existence of Atlantis. a series of terrorist acts that allegedly raised by the Group of Radical Patriotic (KePaRad) disrupt a number of government sites, the banking system, and security systems at several centers. Their desires can be known clearly of the message they left behind in every action: Disband Indonesia, Exempt Archipelago, and the State of the Fifth Form. Murder daughter of a middle-Jakarta police officer becomes the starting point for anyone unpack this KePaRad actual figures. But not only that which uncovered. Conspiracy behind the walls of police agencies also participated threatened by an inspector named ditumbalkannya Mangkuto East. Escape the inspector presents a puzzle without end. Every time the old mystery is revealed, a new mystery begins. Along with that, the puzzle of Atlantis and its relation to the glory of the archipelago in the past is slowly revealed participate. However, did Indonesia will expire after the establishment of the Fifth State? These novels contain action, conspiracy, friendship, betrayal, nationalism, and social innuendos are very interesting. The spirit of nationalism more highlighted than thinking that glorifies materialism of Western and Eastern mengkerdilkan as in Western books. Referring to the work of the novel that there is, nationalism is still poured by the writers thoughts Indonesia with his style. Mengeni ideas of nationalism arose not a foreign country based on colonialism, but colonialism is done by human beings and compatriots who tried to combat this through literature. Literature can voice an ideology that is believed to be its author. The ideology that emerged in literary texts, not only in the form of ideological views of the author's attitude, but can also through the author's literary texts led to various interpretations even offer a counter-discourse on ideology. In such situations, the author will come up with an offer as a form of counter-ideology to a certain ideology .. Ideology is a very subjective thing. Ideology is believed to be a man of letters, automatically and unconscious internal forces will be critical in responding to awaken consciousness of the world around him. Nationalism is an ideology that says loyalty and dedication of individuals should be left to the nation.
Sources: Dad Murniah (http://pusatbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/lamanv42/)
1. Preliminary
Nationalism is an awareness of membership in a nation together with a desire to Achieve, maintain, and perpetuate the identity, prosperity, and power of the Natio. (A consciousness as a nation that is accompanied by a desire to maintain, preserve and apply the identity, integrity, and tight-guhan nation) (Mustafa Rejai, 1991). This can be interpreted that nationalism is the attitude or behavior that is realized or actualized in the form of action to maintain and preserve the identity and continue to strive to advance the state and nation, by killing every obstacle that blocks the path of progress.
Nationalism is a social invention of the most stunning in the course of human history, at least in the last hundred years. Not a single social space on earth is free from the influence of this ideology. Without nationalism, human history will be different lane altogether. The end of the cold war and the spread of ideas and cultural globalism (internationalism) in the decade of the 1990s until now, especially with the communication and information technology developed by highly accelerating, not necessarily the song brings death to nationalism. The phenomenon of nationalism has existed since man knows the concept of biological kinship. In this perspective, nationalism is seen as a natural concept rooted in the past each community group called ethnie (Anthony Smith, 1986), a social group bound by a collective memory includes cultural attributes, values, myth, and symbolism.
Meaning of Nationalism that we believe significantly, among others, namely:
1) A process of formation, or growth of nations.
2) A sentiment or consciousness of a nation concerned.
3) A language and symbolism of the nation.
4) A social and political movements for the sake of the nation concerned.
5) A doctrine and / or ideology of the nation, whether general or specific.
The first is the formation of nations that are very common. This process encompasses a series of processes, more specialized and often form the object of nationalism in a more narrow sense. The second is the consciousness or national sentiment, it should be carefully distinguished from three other uses. Nationalism movement will not start by protests, declarations or armed resistance, but with the appearance of literary society, historical research, music festivals and cultural journals. Language and symbolism of nationalism deserves more attention. Supplies of national symbols is only meant to express, represent, and strengthen the boundaries of nation, and to unite its members through a similar image on the memories. Nationalist movement, the national symbolism of course can not be divorced from the ideology of nationalism that provided the impetus and direction for the symbols and the movement. The shape of the nation's cultural nationalists is the nation whose members were aware of the unity of their national culture and history. They also devoted themselves to explore their national individuality through education and national institutions.
During recent years, attitudes or actions such as we hardly do, and in the end it they diminish our pride in what we've been adorable, that is nationalism. The waning sense of pride for the nation for several years, in fact fueled by strong sentiment and spirit primordialism post-crisis regionalism. The attitude of disappointment caused by most members and community groups to values such as justice and humanitarian and deliberation that is often only become empty rhetoric. Eradication of corruption against the corruptors, law enforcement, and justice are in fact as a strategic means to evoke the spirit of love within the homeland nation's children is only used as a tool to legitimize a position, and this makes the younger generation to be opinionated and do not hesitate to the nation and his own country.
We also feel that there are emerging trends which show that the spirit of solidarity and togetherness feels increasingly lost since the last few decades. Possibly, the cause of the waning sense of nationalism is also caused by the paradigms of nation and nationalism that we profess, running in place. In fact, national and global development paradigm demands adjusted from time to time, in accordance with the state of a sovereign nation and state. From the birth of consciousness in that nation and state is in essence a normative and political awareness is the foundation of an ideology called nationalism. In a sense, nationalism as an understanding that recognizes the truth of-mind that every nation should unite for the sake of glory-round in a national and state life. Of nationalism is the birth of ideas and businesses struggle to realize the nation state. In Indonesia, the idea and developing strong business like this in the 1930s and peaked in the 1940s.
The issue of nationalism in Indonesia is the reality that the land fertile inspiration for the creation of literary works. Even the identity of literary nationalism was decisive as the birth of Indonesian literary history. This means, nationalism is not only present as a mere source of inspiration, but at present as a marker of the existence of Indonesian-ness of a literary work. Ajip Rosidi asserted, that the national consciousness that is the marker of Indonesian literature. National consciousness is actually a political issue. It also shows that the issue of Indonesian literature can not be separated from political issues. While A. Teeuw said, that a particular feature of the development of literature is partly in line with the nationalist movement that we can see from the use of the language effectively in the nationalist movement. This causes the literature as art, using language media, really have a role politically and culturally enormous.
The ideology of nationalism became an important issue for the Indonesian writers actually come first before keindonesiaan itself formulated. The ideal of a sovereign nation emerged much earlier than the limits of territorial issues. The works of Muhammad Yamin, Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, even Anwar, Amir Hamzah and shows it. This paper wants to show how the problems of nationalism as an ideology will always be a source of interesting ideas for the creation of literary works. During nationalism became the paradigm of open and open the opportunity to always interpreted and assessed, then the writers will always be interesting to lift it in a literary work. So, it would seem the relationship between literary history and national history. How to interpret literary works and his role in the need to build awareness of the idea of nationalism. Whether we can see conditions now compared with the literati literati predecessors who followed the birth of the Indonesian state. How these differences is presented in both the disclosure or the awareness of action. Of course, as a literary way they said about nationalism is different from the historian, statesman, or politician.
2. Literary Nationalism in Indonesia
Indonesian literature is often imagined as invisible hands in the push for regional unification, starting from the villages, tribe, tribes of the archipelago until it becomes a form of state that describes keindonesiaan. Literature is like magic constant encouragement magical for physical revolution. There is a kind of confidence that the pre-revolutionary Indonesia would not be realized if an sich fought through armed confrontation or international diplomacy. Needs to be done over the legitimacy of absolute geography words pretending sloganistik, instigating, providing an intense impression for residents in the archipelago, which will solidify the ideological importance of gathering in the shade of a large house called Indonesia. Poetry or prose (short stories, novels, or plays) the work of the writers we show it.
Literature on the emergence of colonialism can not be born just like that. Literature Indonesia as an integral part of the culture that gave birth to her as being just like that, without due process, without the author's cultural struggle. The assertion is a form of justification to the study of sociology of literature that tries to tie the literary works, authors, and social and cultural circumstances that surrounded. Of course, this study makes it easier to describe how the spirit of nationalism has gripped literature since colonial times and the prakemerdekaan.
Some works are born of colonialism during the 19th century did not speak Indonesian nationalism. Nevertheless, most of the work is already talking lokalistik, a concept of nationalism smaller-just like primordialism. As in the short story from The Content Tjerita Langkara Affairs Jang Poelaoe Soeloeng in Java which tells of the journey of a King of Rum (Rome) to the island of Java, which is considered the king of country quiet as you wish. In a way that the soldiers of King Rum is not easily conquered Java, a very large and populated giants, demons and jinn. It shows that the author (not specified) already has a sense of his love of his homeland, the island of Java. The author seemed to assert that as colonialism, it always get resistance from the native inhabitants. However, because of limited imagination, the author is more to give victory to the King of Rum, so the King of Rum finally able to master Java. The same with the conditions of colonialism Indonesia for three and a half centuries by the Dutch. A condition that describes the superiority of the ruler and the powerlessness of people who inhabit the archipelago (Indonesia at the time). Language which was later named as the new Indonesian was also used at least in poetical literature in Sair Kadatangan Sri Siam Naharaja in Batavia, published in 1870. Poem without the author's name was known to his time Wednesday, April 5, 1870 (no day kutika Rebo / Five April there is the date). As shown in the title, this poem tells a rousing welcome the arrival of the Dutch Government to the King of Siam (Thailand). On either side of the road mounted the Dutch flag and the flag of Thailand. Band Drum Group deployed. Each road segment guarded by Dutch troops to the point that people can not see past the king of the road. Moreover, using the streets as usual. Meriahnya welcome hijinks described the situation in the midst of poverty convolute inlander population. An interesting metaphorical satire expressed in this poem when the people were in vain to be able to watch up close. "Anyone who can not look closely, you should" stand watch from a distance he / cause liver nyang got going / staying up like wood. "(Saifur Rohman, 2002). The establishment of lyric because the colonialist pressure to the Indonesian people. How does the existence of the oppressed will bring resistance from stress. "Once a person nyang small / remote stand here and there / want to watch does not work / mala banned tida called." The author adds another identity by saying: "The small and humiliated nyang / Suda at the thought tida useful / What else do people slam and china / in here in pegat pegat there. "
The works is a mosaic that will be the foundation of an ideology based on a sense of oppression. Nationalism began to emerge in the minds of writers at the time. This is explained by Maman S. Mahayana which shows, that in the late 19th century there have been several literary magazines literary form which contains tales, stories, fairy tales, poems, rhymes and others such as those written in a magazine subtitled Good Companions, 1880 in Batavia. Besides the magazine previously mentioned there is also the Ferris, 1868 and bugle Melajoe, 1860-1910 in Semarang. Then at the beginning of the 20th century appeared more and more literary magazines such as Pewarta Prijaji (Semarang, 1900), Star Ocean (Bandung, 1903), Poetri Indies (Bogor, 1908), Boktok (Jakarta, 1913). We see also, for example, how literary works such as novels pre-Indonesia One Care (Abdoel Moeis), Siti Nurbaya (Mad Rush), road with no end (Mochtar Lubis), Guerilla Family (Pramoedya Ananta Tur), and short- Idrus short story becomes a critical comparison how Indonesia should ideally house building in the future. Had a stretch of discourse about youthful revolt against the traditions of origin is not written in a stretch of literary works, and touched the hearts of readers to become part of common discourse, it is not possible call to unite themselves in the Youth Pledge shalt have an entirely different result.
Foreign experts who analyzed the problem of nationalism is Foulcher Keith (1991). He studied literature New Poet era (1933-1941). Foulcher assessment focused on literary effort in finding the form of the ideal of nationalism in this period are represented in the works New Poet. Ahmad Sahal (1994) discuss nationalism as an attitude of resistance to the more established narrative nationalism (colonial). The review focused on the work of Sahal Pramudya Ananta Tur, the Glass House. Hilmar Farid (1994) has also written literary problem of nationalism in Indonesia. However, Farid studies focus more on the processes of creation of the role of language as one of the binders of Indonesian nationalism. In addition, in the writings of Farid approach is more severe in the history approach. Fa-ruk (1994) was writing about nationalism as a response to the article Foulcher. Not unlike the Foulcher, Faruk reviewing literature data on the New Poet. Some of these writings, not specifically explore issues of identity figures in literature and its relation with the problems of nationality. Still on nationalism, Aprinus Salam showed how a number of figures uta-ma in the novels of Hall Book, in the process, become strangers in their own homes. The main character in Siti Nurbaya, One Care, Samsul Bahri or Hanafi, become comfortable and less suitable in the environment and local customs (of origin). Indeed, the note is at home not feeling it after most of the characters in the story to know or out of the village, and at a later date, see and try to reposition herself in the house and village. Here are three things about the Hanafi cited in the One Care.
"In the Hanafi has no real courage in his own religion, while his own people had been dibelakanginya." (P. 52)
"Hanafi cursed himself, because he was born as a Bumiputra" (P. 53.)
"Is not he at once is to glorify and exalt their nation Bumiputra, but he does not like to give to anyone outside of the nation, make humiliate it by not giving reasons" (p. 57)
"The child was old at the shoreline, she thought she was just easy to change our customs." (P. 71).
The question that immediately came to the surface is, where the Hanafi? The process of what causes a person displaced from his home, from within itself or from outside, or from outside then becomes in itself? One becomes an outsider when he was not accepted by the dominant discourse about the concept of home in a particular place. The processes that lead to a become insiders and outsiders, is a consolidation processes are carried out by certain institutions (classes or interest groups), based on the norms and values of certain, or certain knowledge, or even such as parties or particular institutions, so that a person becomes tersubjeksi by the consolidation process. In such cases, Aprinus Salam show how a process of bargaining, whether he should again be a person in, or remain outside. Haggling is so hard and difficult to reconcile possible. If Hanafi outsiders something, he should certainly people in something else. Meanwhile, it turns out he also does not or has not been accepted into the outsider's inside. This is where the Problem, Hanafi was in all the borders, it becomes something that is ambivalent. He does not or has not entered into one particular side. As an example, cited the following text from the Lady Nurbaya:
"One of these young children, was a boy, aged about 18 years. Her dress shirt jacket white cap and black shorts, ... ... The hat hat white grass, commonly used Dutch nation." (P. 9).
"When viewed from afar, will surely mistaken, this young man a Dutch boy, who wanted to come home from school. But when viewed up close, it is obvious he is not a European nation; because his skin yellow as complexioned skin, hair and eyes black as ink." (p. 9).
"Friends of this young man, was a daughter aged about 15 years. Dress this girl was a Dutch children's clothing." (P. 9).
"According to wake up the body, the color of her skin and jewelry, it is obvious he is the child's country there; children of the rich or high-ranking people." (H.10).
However, if the author departs from the possibility of ideology, it seems that through the work of Siti Abdul Moeis Nurbaya sided with the customs and hometown. Perhaps the reader also "herded" to dislike people like Hanafi. Someone whose views and lifestyles are kebelanda-belandaan, the colonizers. Here Abdul Moeis intends to build attitudes and anti-colonial nationalism. Only, the process of consolidation that the fight is not won on behalf of the nation, but consolidation in the name of religion (Islam). Aprinus Salam also gave examples of how Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana try to see a situation that illustrates the attitude of partiality on the outside as she told at length in full sail. Fate does not seem to leave the name of religion, but rather in the name of rationalism (of course because he was acquainted, and thanks to the construction of "modern education"). Told in the novel, Tuti progressive, rational, emansipatif, effective, something contrary to the properties of Mary. If we compare it with other novels that shackle works Armyn Pane, then we see a rational sail westernized (from the standpoint that rejects) and the shackle becomes more interesting, because, who were the outsiders (foreigners) (Tini?) Or who become insiders (Well?) be clearly demarcated. In many ways Tono have memories and dreams of the possibility of choice to the Well, something that is considered more and or in the name of tradition (-onalisme). However, as Well (traditionalism) also can not be defined clearly enough, so do not be surprised if the end of the story floating.
The characteristics of the discourse which raised the limits, the truth has not been shifted far to the novels of the 1970s. Umar Kayam short story, A thousand fireflies in Manhattan offers an important illustration. At the height of a hotel in big city America, who imagined Marno is a place in his village. The lights are berkelipan in the wilderness of skyscrapers visible from the window, reminding Marno on hundreds of fireflies are like studded night at her grandmother in the village fields. Although Marno been long enough in the U.S. and studying there, Marno will never be an American (born in mind) because of the social-psychological history was raised in the village (Java). Jane and Marno loggerheads about something that is viewed differently because of cultural and psychological backgrounds are different. However, whether Marno still be called Java, or even represent a prototype of Indonesia?
With a different spirit, Nh. Early in On A Ship (1973), describes his characters as people who always longed for the country, prides itself as an Indonesian (Javanese), although in daily practice, Sri, the novel's characters, can not be fully known as the Indonesia Java. It is evident from the way Sri see nations and cultures (Java), and how he lives like a European (French).
Thus, the problem of nationalism in Indonesia is a land of fertile inspiration for the creation of literary works. In fact, the identity of literary nationalism is a hot issue in determining the birth of Indonesian literary history. This means, nationalism is not only present as a mere source of inspiration, but at present as a marker of the existence of Indonesian-ness of a literary work. Therefore, it is no exaggeration when Ajip Rosidi said, that the national consciousness that is the marker of Indonesian literature. National consciousness is actually a political issue. It also shows that the issue of Indonesian literature can not be separated from political issues.
A. Teeuw also argue, that a particular feature of the development of literature is partly in line with the nationalist movement. Because language can be very effective in the nationalist movement, then the literature as an art that uses language media really have a role politically and culturally enormous.
The ideology of nationalism became an important issue for writers and poets Indonesia has actually come first before keindonesiaan itself formulated. The ideal of a sovereign nation emerged much earlier than the limits of territorial issues. Muhammad Yamin in 1921, through his poem:
Language, Nation misses his homeland:
"Where Sumatra, where the nation / where percha, there Andalasku language unfortunately, jana benjana '"
In the poem, Yamin identify ground water was still confined to his homeland only. Building on the imagination of a nation's self-Yamin is still limited to regionalism alone. But eight years after Yamin wrote the poem, a sense of nationalism and identification with the homeland has shifted more widely, no longer limited to Sumatra, but extends throughout the homeland, as he was saying in his poem "Indonesia, Spill My blood".
October 28, 1928 Youth Pledge reinforces persolan literary nationalism in the constellation of Indonesia. Baroe Poedjangga magazine with full awareness that the literature shouting Indonesia has the responsibility and obligation that embody the spirit of sublime new nation of Indonesia. With awareness of the spirit of nationalism, magazine Poedjangga Baroe bersemboyankan "spirit guide to form a dynamic new cultural unity of Indonesia".
Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Indonesia on August 17, 1945, must be admitted, is the realization of Indonesian nationalism. Indonesia as a sovereign nation begins at this point. The issue of nationalism in Indonesia growing literature not only questioned the national identity problem, but shifted to the issue of revolution to maintain independence from colonialism. In this periodization, emerging literary works set in revolutionary war to defend freedom.
Half time Bekasi Guerrilla Family and the work of Pramoedya Ananta Toer not merely recounts the pain-the pain of war, but also describes the excitement of a physical struggle to maintain the independence of Indonesia. In his novel that follows the Reverse Flow (1995), Pramoedya Ananta Toer showing how nationalism is present in every heart of Indonesia at that time. Pramudya drawn character is a figure that conveys an implicit message. Wiranggaleng figures actually invites us to return a coastal character, who is always hungry for salty ocean water, reminds us, that our earth is actually a sea of mainland Java is not alone. Nautical spirit in Wiranggaleng figure, actually not much different from the collective views of penggarangnya, Pramoedya Ananta Toer. After hearing the advice-advice and stories of Rama Cluring, and saw his own valor in a dispel Raden Pati Unus Fight (Portuguese), Wiranggaleng then became aware that the earth or ground water is not only the land of our nation, but also the surrounding ocean. When compared with the vast oceans, the land we are nothing. Wiranggaleng Idayu with her lover, finally choosing to settle on the coast of Tuban and to participate and defend the land of the Portuguese Tuban. Once upon a time, with his troops helping Wiranggaleng Pati Unus troops to seize Malacca from Portuguese hands, but their efforts failed. Even the Portuguese managed to expand its small kingdoms in Java. Portuguese managed to master them, because seeing the kingdoms in Java stuck in a narrow nationalism, more concerned with the army and fought each other's lands. Pati Unus if not replaced his brother Sultan Trenggono, possibly a naval force in maintaining the kingdoms in Java would be more robust. Pati Unus is envisioned that we are united, like the duke of Gajah Mada, because the spirit of nationalism, we can defeat the Portuguese at that time.
Another work is Royan Revolution (work Ramadhan KH), road with no end, There's No Tomorrow (Mochtar Lubis's work), and Return (Toha Mohtar) showed the same breath. While the genre of poetry, Anwar through his poems, such as "I", "Approval by Bung Karno", "openwork Jakarta", "Diponegoro" out loud shouting patriotism. Similarly, the poems of other poets such as Toto Sudarto Bachtiar, Renda, Subagyo Sastrowardoyo describe the same spirit.
3. Cover
According to John Hutchinson (1987), nationalism is more of a cultural phenomenon than a political phenomenon because he is rooted in ethnicity and culture of premodern. Even if nationalism transformed into a political movement, it is superficial because the nationalist political movements in the end based on cultural motivations, especially when there is a crisis of cultural identity. In this perspective, nationalism political movement is a means to regain ethnic pride as the foundations on which to build a country based on cultural similarities. Comprehensive understanding of nationalism as a product of modernity can only be done by also saw what happened to the people at the bottom when the assumptions, expectations, needs and interests of society at large to the ideology of nationalism allows that ideology is pervasive and strongly rooted (Eric Hobsbawm, 1990 ). Nationalism from the memories of community life are always present in the mind of any member nation that became a reference of social identity.
Indeed, the problem of nationalism as an ideology will always be a source of interesting ideas for the creation of literary works. During the paradigm of nationalism into the open, which opens the opportunity to always be interpreted and assessed, then the writers will always be interesting to lift it in a literary work. Of course, as a literary way they said about nationalism is different from the historian, statesman, or politician. And here's how he said they thought would be an interesting comparison, even as a counter-discourse to the currents of thought that relates to the issue of nationalism. Reading Reverse Flow (1995) Pramoedya Ananta Tur's work, for example, means also see the reflection of our own nation. Now Nationalism began to fade and be replaced nationalism-nationalism areas that are only concerned with purely selfish. In the past, our ancestors were great sailors, have a high sense of nationalism to defend our Motherland whole land. They are aware, the ekspansionaris threat from the sea, more dangerous and important, than just a fight for land merebutkan power. With the waning of nationalism, which is mainly caused by the very height of injustice; rampant corruption and violations of human rights (human rights) that are not resolved through legal channels, etc., then the main enemy of the nation's most right now is not the colonizers, not expansive attitude or the attitude of neighboring aggressors, but rather a corrupt bureaucracy, injustice and / or economic and political inequality, poverty, arbitrary power, and so on. Combating corruption is just rhetoric, human rights violations that are not resolved through legal channels to its conclusion, inequities between central and local governments and so must be taken seriously. The sociologist Talcott Parsons in the book Social System states, if a society wants to exist and sustainable, there are four functions paradigm (function paradigm) which should continue to be implemented by the public concerned:
First, pattern maintenance, the ability to maintain the cultural value system is adopted because of cultural deposits of human behavior. Community culture that will change because of the value of the previous transformation to the community then, but while maintaining the values which he considered noble, because without it it will form a new society to another.
Second, the ability of communities to adapt, because the world is changing rapidly. History proves many civilizations that have been lost because people are not able to adapt to a changing world. Communities that are able to adapt to change and exploit opportunities that arise will be superior.
Third, the integration function of the elements of a diverse society continuously forming an increasingly centripetal force that unites people. each nation's people, especially the very heterogeneous as our nation, the nation always has entropy, ie the elements in the country by expanding its internal dynamics desduktrif, destroying his own country. just like the cells that make up our bodies that can turn into cancer that can destroy his own body. development of an extreme and narrow ethnocentrism, and fanaticism primordialism group, the decline of pluralism and tolerance, as well as the decline of society's ability to complete the various frictions are polite forms of entropy is a nation that can scatter this heterogeneous nation.
Fourth, people need to have a common goal or purpose of Attainment from time to time as it continues to be improved by transforming the dynamics of society and its leaders. If the Indonesian nation-state formed by a common historical past, then the future need to be established by common ideals, views, expectations and objectives regarding its future.
Nationalism we now no longer associated with the occupiers, or especially the behavior of expansive or aggressor-state neighbors, but rather must be associated with a desire to combat all forms of corruption, injustice, human rights abuses and others. That is, nationalism today is the attempt to maintain the existence of the state and nation from destruction due to corruption and abuse of power. Behavior corrupt, embezzling state money, take advantage of all facilities within the scope of his authority to enrich themselves, behaving arbitrarily in the running wheels of power, not respecting the dignity of others, likes to receive kickbacks and bribe, kickback, money coffee and so on, are antinasionalisme behavior that must be eradicated. We note for the future is how to cultivate the spirit of nationalism-unpatriotic in the nation's children. Should hearten us to behave in an honest, disciplined, not corrupt and dare to fight all forms of injustice, arbitrariness of power and others, in addition to the spirit and the physical skills like the military to cope with any force that interferes with the sovereignty of Indonesia.
We can see as an example of a novel in which the conditions of life rather than in the period of colonialism, among other works of Ito Ice. As in the Secret State Fifth Meede and linking the historical facts of interest about this nation. Also picture of the reality of metropolitan life that has been poisoned by the West to forget the wisdom and greatness of his own people good enough to make satire and makes this book represents a sense of nationalist thinking, especially for the young people who have been poisoned by unknowingly-Western thoughts. The use of a complex historical background and put it in this story are the main attraction. Although sometimes the facts of history are linked into a conspiracy theory that impressed fetched into something that seems reasonable. The use of background history as a shaper of mystery similar to the story in the Da Vinci Code and National Treasure is to solve a mystery, must explore the history of the nation itself (which is often considered not important). Story on the first novel tells about the Secret Medee serial murders are connected with the radical movement Anarchy archipelago and Treasure hunt VOCs. Being in the second book, entitled The Fifth State to tell about the serial murders related to the theory of the existence of Atlantis. a series of terrorist acts that allegedly raised by the Group of Radical Patriotic (KePaRad) disrupt a number of government sites, the banking system, and security systems at several centers. Their desires can be known clearly of the message they left behind in every action: Disband Indonesia, Exempt Archipelago, and the State of the Fifth Form. Murder daughter of a middle-Jakarta police officer becomes the starting point for anyone unpack this KePaRad actual figures. But not only that which uncovered. Conspiracy behind the walls of police agencies also participated threatened by an inspector named ditumbalkannya Mangkuto East. Escape the inspector presents a puzzle without end. Every time the old mystery is revealed, a new mystery begins. Along with that, the puzzle of Atlantis and its relation to the glory of the archipelago in the past is slowly revealed participate. However, did Indonesia will expire after the establishment of the Fifth State? These novels contain action, conspiracy, friendship, betrayal, nationalism, and social innuendos are very interesting. The spirit of nationalism more highlighted than thinking that glorifies materialism of Western and Eastern mengkerdilkan as in Western books. Referring to the work of the novel that there is, nationalism is still poured by the writers thoughts Indonesia with his style. Mengeni ideas of nationalism arose not a foreign country based on colonialism, but colonialism is done by human beings and compatriots who tried to combat this through literature. Literature can voice an ideology that is believed to be its author. The ideology that emerged in literary texts, not only in the form of ideological views of the author's attitude, but can also through the author's literary texts led to various interpretations even offer a counter-discourse on ideology. In such situations, the author will come up with an offer as a form of counter-ideology to a certain ideology .. Ideology is a very subjective thing. Ideology is believed to be a man of letters, automatically and unconscious internal forces will be critical in responding to awaken consciousness of the world around him. Nationalism is an ideology that says loyalty and dedication of individuals should be left to the nation.
Sources: Dad Murniah (http://pusatbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/lamanv42/)