Retention of Local Cultural Values in Literature Learning in Schools
Retention of Local Cultural Values in Literature Learning in Schools
One of the major problems in education and culture is a matter of national identity. With the swift currents of globalization worry about national culture, especially the local culture will begin to erode. Foreign cultures are now more prevalent and began to erode local cultural existence and meaning. In order for the existence of local culture remains strong, it would require retention of the local culture. The phenomenon of school-age children are happy with the foreign culture makes to raise awareness and preserve the local culture in order to become an integrative part in the learning of literature in schools. Local culture is a culture that is owned by a social objec region and reflect on its territory. Some things to include local culture including folk tales, folk songs, rituals regional, local customs, and everything that is regionalism. In this paper, the authors try to express the importance of making the local wealth of literature in the field of literature to be used as learning materials in schools. This is done in an attempt planting the values contained in the local culture, such as religious values, moral values, and particularly the national value to students. In the end, the planting of local cultural values in the learning literature is expected to offset the influence of foreign culture is increasingly prevalent in our society.
Key words: local culture, learning literature, the era of globalization
I. Preliminary
The Indonesian people will not likely escape from globalization, as a consequence of its position that it and the consequences menyemesta the age of globalization. All we can do is minimize the negative impacts of globalization. Globalization and modernization is inevitable, and inevitable. Ridden era of globalization and modernization drive neoliberalism accompanied the rapid revolution of science and technology (Science and technology). A world without limits flow that embraces freedom, freedom of creativity, freedom of speech, freedom of expression. When we sit in a chair to see and communicate with people in the most remote places in the world out there, then the advances in information technology and telecommunication close the distance and time. The condition was indirectly gave birth to a new culture and society influence the cultural order Indonesia.
The era of globalization it is today will affect all
areas of life, including the fields of education and culture. One of the major forces in the field of education and culture is a matter of national identity. Therefore, national identity is something that must be fought desperately. Do not let this national identity long faded along with the rush of information from the outside.
Pengglobalan world phenomenon must be addressed with a wise and positive thinking because of globalization and modernization is necessary and beneficial to progress. But do not be careless and complacent, since the era of openness and freedom that also cause negative effects that will undermine the national culture. Reject globalization is not the right choice, because that means hinder the progress of science and technology. Do not we do not want to miss in science and technology with other nations. But the need of intelligence in the capture and filter out the effects of globalization. Access to technologically advance informatics and communications can be utilized as conservationists and developers of local cultural values. With the advent of the era of globalization, the more we realize the importance of maintaining culture is also owned by the Indonesian people ..
Admittedly, the main actors in the globalization process of today are developed countries. They try to export local values in the country to spread around the world as global values. They can easily do that because they control the flow of information and communication technology across borders of nation-states. In contrast, at the same time, developing countries like our country is not able to deploy its local values as low competitive power. As a result, developing countries only a spectator for the entry and development of the values of developed countries that are considered global values into its territory.
With the swift currents of globalization is feared nation's culture, especially the local culture will begin to erode bit by bit. Foreign cultures are now more prevalent and began to erode local cultural existence and meaning. In order for the existence of local culture remains strong, it would require retention of the local culture. The phenomenon of school-age children are happy with the foreign culture makes to raise awareness and preserve the local culture in order to become an integrative part in the learning of literature in schools. By integrating local culture into the learning of literature in the school expected the national identity will remain strong.
Development efforts of Indonesian national identity, including the award on the value of culture and language, the values of social solidarity, kinship and love for the homeland felt increasingly fading. Fading culture of the nation caused by many factors. In fact in the community structure of social inequality occur, regarding both the status and income level. A widening social gap that causes people to lose self-esteem. Local culture is more in line with the character of the nation's increasingly difficult to digest, while a global culture more easily penetrated.
Local culture is a culture that is owned by a social objec region and reflect on its territory. Some things to include local culture including folk tales, folk songs, rituals regional, local customs, and everything that is regionalism. The integration of local culture into the learning of literature was very important. This is done in an attempt planting the values contained in the local culture and also to minimize the negative influence of foreign cultures, especially western culture brought about by globalization.
Globalization is not inevitable should be anticipated with the development of character yag cultural identity and strengthening local wisdom that serve as the basis of a foothold in the preparation of the strategy in the preservation and development of culture. Efforts to strengthen the regional identity can be done through planting of local cultural values in the literature on school learning. In this paper the authors try to devote an opinion on the importance of retention of the local culture in the learning of literature in schools.
II. Coaching and Development of Literature in Indonesia
The definition of literary Indonesia is the Indonesian language and literature are part of national culture. Literature Indonesia is one form of thinking about public disclosure of the new Indonesia (Formulation Seminar Political Language in 1999). Regional literature, has been recorded in which the different experiences, but mutually interact and influence each other in some respects, has existed and evolved long before the advent of Indonesian literature. Indonesia and regional literature, both old and new, not apart from the influence and his meeting with a foreign culture and literature. In subsequent developments, Indonesia as a medium of literary expression of modern ideas, percerminan identity to build a new culture that inspired both by the sources of cultural traditions and by modern culture.
Feelings and ideals of National Indonesia Indonesia has been expressed by the author in the form poetry, romance, and drama before 1928 Youth Pledge and the Proclamation of Independence of 1945, and constantly expressed in their works after the war for independence. Therefore, the literature of Indonesia as part of national culture serves as a vehicle of cultural expression in an effort to foster awareness of the history involved and the spirit and national solidarity.
In his capacity as a vehicle for cultural expression, literature, Indonesia has the function to (1) develop a sense of nationalism, (2) foster human solidarity, and (3) record the development of Indonesian society.
In the formulation of the Political Language Seminar 1999, said that what is meant is the literary establishment and development efforts are directed to maintain and develop the Indonesian and regional literature, increasing people's appreciation of the literature of Indonesia and the region, as well as the use of foreign literature in order to fulfill the functions and his position.
Coaching literature is an attempt to improve the quality of literary appreciation. These efforts include teaching, popularization, and empowerment. Development efforts through the teaching of literature has always been associated with the purpose of teaching literature in schools. Until now the purpose of teaching literature in schools, both primary and secondary schools is never achieved because the portion of the teaching of literature only got a small part of language teaching. Martial Arts teacher availability in schools is very limited. Likewise with the utilization of literary materials are not optimal. Based on this, the teaching of literature should consider the following things.
1) No longer part of language teaching.
2) Supported by the procurement berkelayakan teachers who teach literature.
3) Supported the availability of adequate literature in schools.
4) Attempts were poets, both locally and nationally, more widely used through face to face with teachers and students of literature.
5) is supported by extracurricular activities.
Corrections Indonesian literature is intended to foster and
increase people's appreciation of Indonesian literature. Correctional literature Indonesia should touch all levels of society. Correctional literature done by taking into account and utilize the wealth of literature archipelago, among others, refers to the cultural values of society. Based on this, correctional literature should consider the following.
1) To enhance people's appreciation of Indonesian literary works, literary publishing should be encouraged.
2) Translation of Indonesian literary works into international languages should be encouraged.
3) Encourage the participation of Indonesian writers in meetings of international literature.
4) Empowering the three major components of literary life, the poet, literature, and society.
Empowerment literature aimed at strengthening the position and function
literature in people's lives. With the growing consolidation of the position and function of literature in society literary quality is expected to be born in the midst of society itself. In modern society increasingly perceived empowerment literature is very important. Three major components of literary life need attention seriously. Broad public support in the form of literary appreciation will stimulate the growth of a more fertile and literary quality. Based on this, the empowerment literature should consider the following things.
1) Poets need to obtain copyright protection, freedom of expression, and pernghargaan the good of society.
2) Criticism sastar should be disseminated so that people can know the weaknesses and strengths of literature.
3) quality literature should be enjoyed by students, from elementary schools.
4) Appreciation of literary society need to be empowered through the development of Martial Arts community.
5) Improved means of literary life, such as publicity and attention centers of literary life.
The development of literature is to improve the quality of literature in order to
used as a medium of expression, reflection and the search for identity to build a new culture, and as a means of increasing concern for people's lives. Martial Arts development efforts include research and maintenance.
Indonesia conducted the research literature to gain a broad knowledge of Indonesian literature, including the history of literature (literary, literary figures, the flow in the literature, and so on), and its relation to development efforts the Indonesian language. The study of Indonesian literature should also be accompanied by a study of regional literature. A study of the relevant foreign literature should also be made.
Maintenance works of literature dalah the effort made to a new generation of Indonesia can understand, appreciate literature, especially the message contained in it. Preservation of old literature is one of the maintenance effort of literature. Understanding of the literature will be more easily achieved if a generation of literary life experience itself. Therefore, the maintenance of a literary work can be done through the maintenance of cultured tradition in society, such as oral literature, reading old manuscripts, narrative tales.
III. Retention of Local Cultural Values
Humans are creatures of culture. Culture was born and developed by man, through reason and thought, customs and traditions. Every human being has its own culture, even the culture of the patent claimed as a human. Culture is the result of learning that relies heavily on the development of a unique human ability to take advantage of symbols, signs, or gestures that no coercion or a natural affinity with the things that they hold. Thus, every human being either an individual or group can develop a culture in accordance with copyright, taste, and intention respectively.
Language essentially can not be separated from social and cultural context of native speakers because in addition to a social phenomenon, language is also a cultural phenomenon. As a social phenomenon, language is a form of social behavior that is used as a means of communication. Therefore, various social factors that apply in communication, such as the relationship between the participant's role in communication, where communication takes place, the purpose of communication, the communication situation, social status, education, age, and sex of participant communication, was also influential in the use of language.
Meanwhile, as a cultural phenomenon, besides the language is one element of culture, is also a means to express the community's cultural values of native speakers. On that basis, an understanding of the cultural elements of a society - in addition to the various social elements that have been mentioned above - is very important in learning a language.
In the 60's American committee on language and culture
reveals the relationship between language and culture. These relationships are as follows.
1) Language is part of the culture, and should be approached with the same attitude guiding our approach lepada statu culture as a whole.
2) Language is a vehicle of culture, the language teacher therefore must also be cultural as well as teachers.
3) The language itself is the subject of attitudes and beliefs are culturally conditioned, which can not be ignored in the language classroom (Bishop in Tarigan, 1991: 56).
From the Bishop's opinion above shows that language can not be separated from the culture because the language as a communication subsystem is a part of the culture system, even the most important part of culture. Learning literature is part of the Indonesian language teaching. In our country, not stand-alone learning literature, but it still becomes an integrative part of learning language. Sometimes also learning literature occupies only a small portion of learning the language. Learning literature should be getting equal proportion with learning the language.
Learning literature students are expected to make a human being who has a national identity. But now school-age children are generally happy with the foreign culture. This should make educators aware, because over time will keep the kids from their own culture. They are like uprooted from their own cultural ancestors. In an effort to develop the culture of the nation's personality and the national conscience, have fostered the ability of communities to raise social and cultural values that lofty region and to absorb the values of the external positive and necessary for the renewal in the process of nation building. It needs to be prevented foreign cultures are negative. Language and literature areas need to continue to be fostered and preserved in order to develop the identity of our Indonesian-ness.
School-age children tend to confuse globalization with eating western products and swallow them raw. Whereas many global cultures that deviate from the ethics of Indonesia. Our children will just forget their own traditional culture. Many traditional cultures that are no longer recognized by our children, because they prefer western popular culture and popular.
State of the nation's cultural improvement is a shared responsibility, whether family, school, social institutions, and society. One of its efforts is to provide guidance since they were children. For example, introducing its own culture from an early age. In schools, this business can be done by incorporating cultural elements into their proper subjects, one of which is into the Indonesian language and literature lessons.
In connection with the understanding of culture, in the book "Primitive Culture" by EB Taylor was first published in 1871, defined culture as a whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired humans as members of society (Suriasumantri, 1996: 261)
Then Kuntjaraningrat (1974: 12) argues that culture is comprised elements of the system of religion and religious ceremonies, and the system of social organization, knowledge systems, languages, arts, sietem livelihoods and technology systems and equipment. In this case, culture is the dividing line between humans and animals. Of men that should form the culture, not a form of human culture. Culture is the knowledge acquired and used by humans to interpret the experience and delivery of social behavior (Spradley, 1997: 5). The main function is to spread cultural values from one generation to the next.
Global era marked by accelerating development of science and technology is increasingly sophisticated, so as if the world is a global village sebuat plan open and clear boundaries. The global era has provided the opportunity for the world and the people who live in them to interact and communicate from a variety of different ends of the world, without barriers of space and time. result of these symptoms they feared precisely that form the culture of luarlah students, because they are generally still not able to differentiate between good and bad. As if to those who come from western culture it is good. Padalah datangya not all that was good from the west, on the contrary there are many cultures that are less good, especially as opposed to the noble values of our nation's culture. Individual properties, permissive attitudes toward sex are all examples that come from outside the culture that certainly does not fit with the culture of our nation.
One way to introduce the noble values of the nation is to introduce local culture to our students. The values of local culture is the soul of the local culture and form the basis of all culture in the region. Introducing folklore in the form of storytelling before bedtime for example is our nation's cultural past, which at present have started decaying over the development period. The story is one important means to maintain the existence of oneself. The story is not only used to understand the world and express ideas, ideas, and values, but also as an important means to understand the world to others, keep, pass on ideas and values from generation to generation.
Local culture is a diverse cultural heritage that must be preserved. When other nations are only a few local cultural heritage has tried hard to preserve it for the sake of an identity, it is really naive if we are to have a lot of local cultural heritage preservation and then ignore. Like the saying goes "birds fly while reaching for pigeon in the hand is released". Some things to include local culture such as stories (fairy tales) of the people, the ritual of regionalism, regional traditions, creativity (dance, song, drama, etc..), And the uniqueness of the local community.
Various form of local cultural heritage gives us the opportunity to study the local knowledge (local genius) in addressing the problems faced in the past. Local knowledge is the attitude, outlook, and the ability of a community in managing the spiritual and physical environment, which gives to the community's resilience and ability to grow in the area where the community is located. In other words, local knowledge is a creative response to the geopolitical situation, geographical, historical, and situational locally (Saini KM, 2005). Local knowledge is a view of life and science and life strategies of intangible activities carried out by local communities in responding to various problems in meeting their needs.
According to John Haba (2008:7-8) local wisdom is part of a cultural construction. Local knowledge refers to a variety of cultural treasures that grow and thrive in society, and is an important element to strengthen social cohesion among citizens. In general, local wisdom has the following features and functions: (1) as a marker of identity of a community, (2) as an adhesive element of social cohesion, (3) as an element of culture that grows from the bottom, exist and thrive in society, not an element of cultural imposed from above, (4) serves to give color to a community togetherness, (5) can change the mindset and the interrelationships of individuals and groups by putting them on common ground, (6) to encourage establishment of togetherness, appreciation and common mechanism for defend themselves from the possibility of a disruption or destruction of solidarity groups as a whole and integrated communities. From the above can be understood, that is the whole idea of local wisdom, values, knowledge, activities, and cultural objects are specific and are proud to be the identity and the identity of a particular community or ethnic group.
The problem of local wisdom is often ignored, is considered no relevance to the present let alone the future. The impact is a lot of cultural heritage who weathered with age, abandoned, neglected and even abused its existence. Though many nations that are less powerful history searching for his identity even from the remnants of history and cultural heritage are few in number. We ourselves, the Indonesian nation, which is rich with cultural heritage even sometimes ignore such an invaluable asset. What a contradictory condition.
Nurgiyantoro (1995: 164) asserts that the story-telling tradition and has been known since humans exist on this earth, long before they know the writing. The story is one important means to maintain the existence of oneself. The story is not only used to understand the world and express ideas, ideas, and values, but also as an important means to understand the world to others, store, and pass on ideas and values from generation to generation.
At present, our children are more familiar with Cinderella, Spiderman, Superman, Pinoccio and others. Do not know Sangkuriang, Ratna Suminar, Malin Kundang, Bondowoso, Purnama Natural, Cucumber Mas and others. Because not familiar, then do not be surprised if the essence of local wisdom that exist in the story were never embedded in the minds of our children.
In this era of regional autonomy is appropriate and indeed the local culture should be introduced to our children. Even in the preparation of the curriculum at the elementary and secondary school education had been properly integrate into the local culture subjects, particularly subjects Indonesian language and literature. This is done to minimize the impact of globalization is increasingly eroding our national culture. It is naive in the city of Banten province Cilegon for example, in elementary school the local content (Mulok) which should promote local culture such as language and literature in the form Mulok Java Dialect Banten (BJB), even ignored, because policy makers prefer English as a lesson Mulok .
Spectacle and shows on television further highlight the culture of others than our nation's culture. Spectacle and impressions that show the diversity of cultures and languages in the archipelago very rare. Archipelago should have presented a spectacle of cultural diversity as often as possible in children nation's next generation of Indonesia, so they know the television media products also tell about his homeland. During these Indonesian children are more familiar with the "Tom And Jerry", "Naruto", "Dora", "Mickey Mouse" and others, where the children's story area of cultural backgrounds that exist in Indonesia? Where the product of this nation who can enrich the younger generation and expanding their horizons towards multiculturalism and cultural diversity of the nation? Without realizing it, we have been impoverished by the spectacle and the various impressions that reflect the cultures of others.
Literature was born by the human urge to express themselves about issues of human, humanity and the universe (Semi, 1993:1). Literature is the disclosure of the issue of life, philosophy, and psychology. Poets can be said to be a psychologist and the philosophy that reveal life problems, psychiatric, and philosophy, not by express through literary techniques. Differences of letters with others lies in the sensitivity of letters that can penetrate the human truths that can not be known by others.
Literature than a work of art that has a mind, imagination, and emotion, as well as creative works are used as an intellectual and emotional consumption. Literature that has been born by the poet is expected to provide aesthetic and intellectual satisfaction to the reader (Semi, 1993:1). Referring to the understanding of literature above, it is natural when learning objectives are also to instill literary human values to students. Literature can affect the emotions, imagination, creativity, and intellectual property so that students develop optimally. One is the literary genre of prose. Folklore (folklore) is one kind of prose.
Folklore as one of the local culture it is appropriate that serve as the starting material of literature learning in school. Planting the values contained in the folklore of students believed to be inherent to adulthood. This relates to one of the benefits of learning literary character forming learners. Literature has an important role in public life since the literature contains values that are positive for the reader and useful to society at large. Literature can convey the message and values, including values education to the reader. The moral role in true literary essence to be discovered by a reader or a connoisseur of literature. The moral in a literary work is the cornerstone in the literature as an ingredient in the reader's contemplation knitting values and diving live a better life. For example, folklore "Dampu Awang" in the Banten area set in the mountains Kramat Watu has human values are high. How does a child have to be respectful to the elderly. Do not forget to parents, despite being a successful life. From the plot somewhat similar to the folklore that had already been known from the Minangkabau region, namely Malin Kundang.
IV. Cover
Authors are aware that this short paper is far from perfect. There are still many facets that have not been discussed thoroughly by the author. This hopefully inspire readers to discuss this topic again so much depth. The idea of integrating local culture into the learning literature is the idea that the writer has not been supported by an in-depth reference. This idea motivated the writer to see the pain our children are more like the characters from the outside than from within the country itself. Hopefully the next writer and the reader can further clarify these ideas, accompanied by supporting references.
It is based on the reference I have found, during this learning literature in schools are considered less successful. For one thing, sometimes serving learning literature often go unnoticed by teachers. Suppose that the teachers pay attention to learning literature carefully and certainly by integrating local culture. For example in the Banten area is only fitting folklore "Dampu Awang" introduced since elementary school. The author believes the negative effects of globalization will be minimized. Even the tragedy of "flooding culture" (culturally overwhelmed) foreigners will never happen. Our national identity is believed to be maintained.
In order for the existence of local culture remains strong, it would require retention of the local culture. The phenomenon of school-age children are happy with the foreign culture makes to raise awareness and preserve the local culture in order to become an integrative part in the learning of literature in schools. Local culture is a culture that is owned by a social objec region and reflect on its territory. Some things to include local culture including folk tales, folk songs, rituals regional, local customs, and everything that is regionalism. In the end, integrating local culture in the learning literature is expected to offset the influence of foreign culture which increasingly prevalent in our society. In other words the movement of "local knowledge" (local genius) with a return to cultural roots of the nation itself is a smart action to minimize the negative effects of globalization.
Taken from http://pusatbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id
by: Asep Muhyidin, M.Pd.
One of the major problems in education and culture is a matter of national identity. With the swift currents of globalization worry about national culture, especially the local culture will begin to erode. Foreign cultures are now more prevalent and began to erode local cultural existence and meaning. In order for the existence of local culture remains strong, it would require retention of the local culture. The phenomenon of school-age children are happy with the foreign culture makes to raise awareness and preserve the local culture in order to become an integrative part in the learning of literature in schools. Local culture is a culture that is owned by a social objec region and reflect on its territory. Some things to include local culture including folk tales, folk songs, rituals regional, local customs, and everything that is regionalism. In this paper, the authors try to express the importance of making the local wealth of literature in the field of literature to be used as learning materials in schools. This is done in an attempt planting the values contained in the local culture, such as religious values, moral values, and particularly the national value to students. In the end, the planting of local cultural values in the learning literature is expected to offset the influence of foreign culture is increasingly prevalent in our society.
Key words: local culture, learning literature, the era of globalization
I. Preliminary
The Indonesian people will not likely escape from globalization, as a consequence of its position that it and the consequences menyemesta the age of globalization. All we can do is minimize the negative impacts of globalization. Globalization and modernization is inevitable, and inevitable. Ridden era of globalization and modernization drive neoliberalism accompanied the rapid revolution of science and technology (Science and technology). A world without limits flow that embraces freedom, freedom of creativity, freedom of speech, freedom of expression. When we sit in a chair to see and communicate with people in the most remote places in the world out there, then the advances in information technology and telecommunication close the distance and time. The condition was indirectly gave birth to a new culture and society influence the cultural order Indonesia.
The era of globalization it is today will affect all
areas of life, including the fields of education and culture. One of the major forces in the field of education and culture is a matter of national identity. Therefore, national identity is something that must be fought desperately. Do not let this national identity long faded along with the rush of information from the outside.
Pengglobalan world phenomenon must be addressed with a wise and positive thinking because of globalization and modernization is necessary and beneficial to progress. But do not be careless and complacent, since the era of openness and freedom that also cause negative effects that will undermine the national culture. Reject globalization is not the right choice, because that means hinder the progress of science and technology. Do not we do not want to miss in science and technology with other nations. But the need of intelligence in the capture and filter out the effects of globalization. Access to technologically advance informatics and communications can be utilized as conservationists and developers of local cultural values. With the advent of the era of globalization, the more we realize the importance of maintaining culture is also owned by the Indonesian people ..
Admittedly, the main actors in the globalization process of today are developed countries. They try to export local values in the country to spread around the world as global values. They can easily do that because they control the flow of information and communication technology across borders of nation-states. In contrast, at the same time, developing countries like our country is not able to deploy its local values as low competitive power. As a result, developing countries only a spectator for the entry and development of the values of developed countries that are considered global values into its territory.
With the swift currents of globalization is feared nation's culture, especially the local culture will begin to erode bit by bit. Foreign cultures are now more prevalent and began to erode local cultural existence and meaning. In order for the existence of local culture remains strong, it would require retention of the local culture. The phenomenon of school-age children are happy with the foreign culture makes to raise awareness and preserve the local culture in order to become an integrative part in the learning of literature in schools. By integrating local culture into the learning of literature in the school expected the national identity will remain strong.
Development efforts of Indonesian national identity, including the award on the value of culture and language, the values of social solidarity, kinship and love for the homeland felt increasingly fading. Fading culture of the nation caused by many factors. In fact in the community structure of social inequality occur, regarding both the status and income level. A widening social gap that causes people to lose self-esteem. Local culture is more in line with the character of the nation's increasingly difficult to digest, while a global culture more easily penetrated.
Local culture is a culture that is owned by a social objec region and reflect on its territory. Some things to include local culture including folk tales, folk songs, rituals regional, local customs, and everything that is regionalism. The integration of local culture into the learning of literature was very important. This is done in an attempt planting the values contained in the local culture and also to minimize the negative influence of foreign cultures, especially western culture brought about by globalization.
Globalization is not inevitable should be anticipated with the development of character yag cultural identity and strengthening local wisdom that serve as the basis of a foothold in the preparation of the strategy in the preservation and development of culture. Efforts to strengthen the regional identity can be done through planting of local cultural values in the literature on school learning. In this paper the authors try to devote an opinion on the importance of retention of the local culture in the learning of literature in schools.
II. Coaching and Development of Literature in Indonesia
The definition of literary Indonesia is the Indonesian language and literature are part of national culture. Literature Indonesia is one form of thinking about public disclosure of the new Indonesia (Formulation Seminar Political Language in 1999). Regional literature, has been recorded in which the different experiences, but mutually interact and influence each other in some respects, has existed and evolved long before the advent of Indonesian literature. Indonesia and regional literature, both old and new, not apart from the influence and his meeting with a foreign culture and literature. In subsequent developments, Indonesia as a medium of literary expression of modern ideas, percerminan identity to build a new culture that inspired both by the sources of cultural traditions and by modern culture.
Feelings and ideals of National Indonesia Indonesia has been expressed by the author in the form poetry, romance, and drama before 1928 Youth Pledge and the Proclamation of Independence of 1945, and constantly expressed in their works after the war for independence. Therefore, the literature of Indonesia as part of national culture serves as a vehicle of cultural expression in an effort to foster awareness of the history involved and the spirit and national solidarity.
In his capacity as a vehicle for cultural expression, literature, Indonesia has the function to (1) develop a sense of nationalism, (2) foster human solidarity, and (3) record the development of Indonesian society.
In the formulation of the Political Language Seminar 1999, said that what is meant is the literary establishment and development efforts are directed to maintain and develop the Indonesian and regional literature, increasing people's appreciation of the literature of Indonesia and the region, as well as the use of foreign literature in order to fulfill the functions and his position.
Coaching literature is an attempt to improve the quality of literary appreciation. These efforts include teaching, popularization, and empowerment. Development efforts through the teaching of literature has always been associated with the purpose of teaching literature in schools. Until now the purpose of teaching literature in schools, both primary and secondary schools is never achieved because the portion of the teaching of literature only got a small part of language teaching. Martial Arts teacher availability in schools is very limited. Likewise with the utilization of literary materials are not optimal. Based on this, the teaching of literature should consider the following things.
1) No longer part of language teaching.
2) Supported by the procurement berkelayakan teachers who teach literature.
3) Supported the availability of adequate literature in schools.
4) Attempts were poets, both locally and nationally, more widely used through face to face with teachers and students of literature.
5) is supported by extracurricular activities.
Corrections Indonesian literature is intended to foster and
increase people's appreciation of Indonesian literature. Correctional literature Indonesia should touch all levels of society. Correctional literature done by taking into account and utilize the wealth of literature archipelago, among others, refers to the cultural values of society. Based on this, correctional literature should consider the following.
1) To enhance people's appreciation of Indonesian literary works, literary publishing should be encouraged.
2) Translation of Indonesian literary works into international languages should be encouraged.
3) Encourage the participation of Indonesian writers in meetings of international literature.
4) Empowering the three major components of literary life, the poet, literature, and society.
Empowerment literature aimed at strengthening the position and function
literature in people's lives. With the growing consolidation of the position and function of literature in society literary quality is expected to be born in the midst of society itself. In modern society increasingly perceived empowerment literature is very important. Three major components of literary life need attention seriously. Broad public support in the form of literary appreciation will stimulate the growth of a more fertile and literary quality. Based on this, the empowerment literature should consider the following things.
1) Poets need to obtain copyright protection, freedom of expression, and pernghargaan the good of society.
2) Criticism sastar should be disseminated so that people can know the weaknesses and strengths of literature.
3) quality literature should be enjoyed by students, from elementary schools.
4) Appreciation of literary society need to be empowered through the development of Martial Arts community.
5) Improved means of literary life, such as publicity and attention centers of literary life.
The development of literature is to improve the quality of literature in order to
used as a medium of expression, reflection and the search for identity to build a new culture, and as a means of increasing concern for people's lives. Martial Arts development efforts include research and maintenance.
Indonesia conducted the research literature to gain a broad knowledge of Indonesian literature, including the history of literature (literary, literary figures, the flow in the literature, and so on), and its relation to development efforts the Indonesian language. The study of Indonesian literature should also be accompanied by a study of regional literature. A study of the relevant foreign literature should also be made.
Maintenance works of literature dalah the effort made to a new generation of Indonesia can understand, appreciate literature, especially the message contained in it. Preservation of old literature is one of the maintenance effort of literature. Understanding of the literature will be more easily achieved if a generation of literary life experience itself. Therefore, the maintenance of a literary work can be done through the maintenance of cultured tradition in society, such as oral literature, reading old manuscripts, narrative tales.
III. Retention of Local Cultural Values
Humans are creatures of culture. Culture was born and developed by man, through reason and thought, customs and traditions. Every human being has its own culture, even the culture of the patent claimed as a human. Culture is the result of learning that relies heavily on the development of a unique human ability to take advantage of symbols, signs, or gestures that no coercion or a natural affinity with the things that they hold. Thus, every human being either an individual or group can develop a culture in accordance with copyright, taste, and intention respectively.
Language essentially can not be separated from social and cultural context of native speakers because in addition to a social phenomenon, language is also a cultural phenomenon. As a social phenomenon, language is a form of social behavior that is used as a means of communication. Therefore, various social factors that apply in communication, such as the relationship between the participant's role in communication, where communication takes place, the purpose of communication, the communication situation, social status, education, age, and sex of participant communication, was also influential in the use of language.
Meanwhile, as a cultural phenomenon, besides the language is one element of culture, is also a means to express the community's cultural values of native speakers. On that basis, an understanding of the cultural elements of a society - in addition to the various social elements that have been mentioned above - is very important in learning a language.
In the 60's American committee on language and culture
reveals the relationship between language and culture. These relationships are as follows.
1) Language is part of the culture, and should be approached with the same attitude guiding our approach lepada statu culture as a whole.
2) Language is a vehicle of culture, the language teacher therefore must also be cultural as well as teachers.
3) The language itself is the subject of attitudes and beliefs are culturally conditioned, which can not be ignored in the language classroom (Bishop in Tarigan, 1991: 56).
From the Bishop's opinion above shows that language can not be separated from the culture because the language as a communication subsystem is a part of the culture system, even the most important part of culture. Learning literature is part of the Indonesian language teaching. In our country, not stand-alone learning literature, but it still becomes an integrative part of learning language. Sometimes also learning literature occupies only a small portion of learning the language. Learning literature should be getting equal proportion with learning the language.
Learning literature students are expected to make a human being who has a national identity. But now school-age children are generally happy with the foreign culture. This should make educators aware, because over time will keep the kids from their own culture. They are like uprooted from their own cultural ancestors. In an effort to develop the culture of the nation's personality and the national conscience, have fostered the ability of communities to raise social and cultural values that lofty region and to absorb the values of the external positive and necessary for the renewal in the process of nation building. It needs to be prevented foreign cultures are negative. Language and literature areas need to continue to be fostered and preserved in order to develop the identity of our Indonesian-ness.
School-age children tend to confuse globalization with eating western products and swallow them raw. Whereas many global cultures that deviate from the ethics of Indonesia. Our children will just forget their own traditional culture. Many traditional cultures that are no longer recognized by our children, because they prefer western popular culture and popular.
State of the nation's cultural improvement is a shared responsibility, whether family, school, social institutions, and society. One of its efforts is to provide guidance since they were children. For example, introducing its own culture from an early age. In schools, this business can be done by incorporating cultural elements into their proper subjects, one of which is into the Indonesian language and literature lessons.
In connection with the understanding of culture, in the book "Primitive Culture" by EB Taylor was first published in 1871, defined culture as a whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired humans as members of society (Suriasumantri, 1996: 261)
Then Kuntjaraningrat (1974: 12) argues that culture is comprised elements of the system of religion and religious ceremonies, and the system of social organization, knowledge systems, languages, arts, sietem livelihoods and technology systems and equipment. In this case, culture is the dividing line between humans and animals. Of men that should form the culture, not a form of human culture. Culture is the knowledge acquired and used by humans to interpret the experience and delivery of social behavior (Spradley, 1997: 5). The main function is to spread cultural values from one generation to the next.
Global era marked by accelerating development of science and technology is increasingly sophisticated, so as if the world is a global village sebuat plan open and clear boundaries. The global era has provided the opportunity for the world and the people who live in them to interact and communicate from a variety of different ends of the world, without barriers of space and time. result of these symptoms they feared precisely that form the culture of luarlah students, because they are generally still not able to differentiate between good and bad. As if to those who come from western culture it is good. Padalah datangya not all that was good from the west, on the contrary there are many cultures that are less good, especially as opposed to the noble values of our nation's culture. Individual properties, permissive attitudes toward sex are all examples that come from outside the culture that certainly does not fit with the culture of our nation.
One way to introduce the noble values of the nation is to introduce local culture to our students. The values of local culture is the soul of the local culture and form the basis of all culture in the region. Introducing folklore in the form of storytelling before bedtime for example is our nation's cultural past, which at present have started decaying over the development period. The story is one important means to maintain the existence of oneself. The story is not only used to understand the world and express ideas, ideas, and values, but also as an important means to understand the world to others, keep, pass on ideas and values from generation to generation.
Local culture is a diverse cultural heritage that must be preserved. When other nations are only a few local cultural heritage has tried hard to preserve it for the sake of an identity, it is really naive if we are to have a lot of local cultural heritage preservation and then ignore. Like the saying goes "birds fly while reaching for pigeon in the hand is released". Some things to include local culture such as stories (fairy tales) of the people, the ritual of regionalism, regional traditions, creativity (dance, song, drama, etc..), And the uniqueness of the local community.
Various form of local cultural heritage gives us the opportunity to study the local knowledge (local genius) in addressing the problems faced in the past. Local knowledge is the attitude, outlook, and the ability of a community in managing the spiritual and physical environment, which gives to the community's resilience and ability to grow in the area where the community is located. In other words, local knowledge is a creative response to the geopolitical situation, geographical, historical, and situational locally (Saini KM, 2005). Local knowledge is a view of life and science and life strategies of intangible activities carried out by local communities in responding to various problems in meeting their needs.
According to John Haba (2008:7-8) local wisdom is part of a cultural construction. Local knowledge refers to a variety of cultural treasures that grow and thrive in society, and is an important element to strengthen social cohesion among citizens. In general, local wisdom has the following features and functions: (1) as a marker of identity of a community, (2) as an adhesive element of social cohesion, (3) as an element of culture that grows from the bottom, exist and thrive in society, not an element of cultural imposed from above, (4) serves to give color to a community togetherness, (5) can change the mindset and the interrelationships of individuals and groups by putting them on common ground, (6) to encourage establishment of togetherness, appreciation and common mechanism for defend themselves from the possibility of a disruption or destruction of solidarity groups as a whole and integrated communities. From the above can be understood, that is the whole idea of local wisdom, values, knowledge, activities, and cultural objects are specific and are proud to be the identity and the identity of a particular community or ethnic group.
The problem of local wisdom is often ignored, is considered no relevance to the present let alone the future. The impact is a lot of cultural heritage who weathered with age, abandoned, neglected and even abused its existence. Though many nations that are less powerful history searching for his identity even from the remnants of history and cultural heritage are few in number. We ourselves, the Indonesian nation, which is rich with cultural heritage even sometimes ignore such an invaluable asset. What a contradictory condition.
Nurgiyantoro (1995: 164) asserts that the story-telling tradition and has been known since humans exist on this earth, long before they know the writing. The story is one important means to maintain the existence of oneself. The story is not only used to understand the world and express ideas, ideas, and values, but also as an important means to understand the world to others, store, and pass on ideas and values from generation to generation.
At present, our children are more familiar with Cinderella, Spiderman, Superman, Pinoccio and others. Do not know Sangkuriang, Ratna Suminar, Malin Kundang, Bondowoso, Purnama Natural, Cucumber Mas and others. Because not familiar, then do not be surprised if the essence of local wisdom that exist in the story were never embedded in the minds of our children.
In this era of regional autonomy is appropriate and indeed the local culture should be introduced to our children. Even in the preparation of the curriculum at the elementary and secondary school education had been properly integrate into the local culture subjects, particularly subjects Indonesian language and literature. This is done to minimize the impact of globalization is increasingly eroding our national culture. It is naive in the city of Banten province Cilegon for example, in elementary school the local content (Mulok) which should promote local culture such as language and literature in the form Mulok Java Dialect Banten (BJB), even ignored, because policy makers prefer English as a lesson Mulok .
Spectacle and shows on television further highlight the culture of others than our nation's culture. Spectacle and impressions that show the diversity of cultures and languages in the archipelago very rare. Archipelago should have presented a spectacle of cultural diversity as often as possible in children nation's next generation of Indonesia, so they know the television media products also tell about his homeland. During these Indonesian children are more familiar with the "Tom And Jerry", "Naruto", "Dora", "Mickey Mouse" and others, where the children's story area of cultural backgrounds that exist in Indonesia? Where the product of this nation who can enrich the younger generation and expanding their horizons towards multiculturalism and cultural diversity of the nation? Without realizing it, we have been impoverished by the spectacle and the various impressions that reflect the cultures of others.
Literature was born by the human urge to express themselves about issues of human, humanity and the universe (Semi, 1993:1). Literature is the disclosure of the issue of life, philosophy, and psychology. Poets can be said to be a psychologist and the philosophy that reveal life problems, psychiatric, and philosophy, not by express through literary techniques. Differences of letters with others lies in the sensitivity of letters that can penetrate the human truths that can not be known by others.
Literature than a work of art that has a mind, imagination, and emotion, as well as creative works are used as an intellectual and emotional consumption. Literature that has been born by the poet is expected to provide aesthetic and intellectual satisfaction to the reader (Semi, 1993:1). Referring to the understanding of literature above, it is natural when learning objectives are also to instill literary human values to students. Literature can affect the emotions, imagination, creativity, and intellectual property so that students develop optimally. One is the literary genre of prose. Folklore (folklore) is one kind of prose.
Folklore as one of the local culture it is appropriate that serve as the starting material of literature learning in school. Planting the values contained in the folklore of students believed to be inherent to adulthood. This relates to one of the benefits of learning literary character forming learners. Literature has an important role in public life since the literature contains values that are positive for the reader and useful to society at large. Literature can convey the message and values, including values education to the reader. The moral role in true literary essence to be discovered by a reader or a connoisseur of literature. The moral in a literary work is the cornerstone in the literature as an ingredient in the reader's contemplation knitting values and diving live a better life. For example, folklore "Dampu Awang" in the Banten area set in the mountains Kramat Watu has human values are high. How does a child have to be respectful to the elderly. Do not forget to parents, despite being a successful life. From the plot somewhat similar to the folklore that had already been known from the Minangkabau region, namely Malin Kundang.
IV. Cover
Authors are aware that this short paper is far from perfect. There are still many facets that have not been discussed thoroughly by the author. This hopefully inspire readers to discuss this topic again so much depth. The idea of integrating local culture into the learning literature is the idea that the writer has not been supported by an in-depth reference. This idea motivated the writer to see the pain our children are more like the characters from the outside than from within the country itself. Hopefully the next writer and the reader can further clarify these ideas, accompanied by supporting references.
It is based on the reference I have found, during this learning literature in schools are considered less successful. For one thing, sometimes serving learning literature often go unnoticed by teachers. Suppose that the teachers pay attention to learning literature carefully and certainly by integrating local culture. For example in the Banten area is only fitting folklore "Dampu Awang" introduced since elementary school. The author believes the negative effects of globalization will be minimized. Even the tragedy of "flooding culture" (culturally overwhelmed) foreigners will never happen. Our national identity is believed to be maintained.
In order for the existence of local culture remains strong, it would require retention of the local culture. The phenomenon of school-age children are happy with the foreign culture makes to raise awareness and preserve the local culture in order to become an integrative part in the learning of literature in schools. Local culture is a culture that is owned by a social objec region and reflect on its territory. Some things to include local culture including folk tales, folk songs, rituals regional, local customs, and everything that is regionalism. In the end, integrating local culture in the learning literature is expected to offset the influence of foreign culture which increasingly prevalent in our society. In other words the movement of "local knowledge" (local genius) with a return to cultural roots of the nation itself is a smart action to minimize the negative effects of globalization.
Taken from http://pusatbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id
by: Asep Muhyidin, M.Pd.